دانشگاه گیلان نقد و نظریه ادبی 2476-7387 5 2 2020 09 22 Gender Interpellation of Subjects in Hedayat’s Stories خطاب و فراخوانی جنسیتی سوژه‌ها در داستان‌های صادق هدایت 277 298 4432 10.22124/naqd.2020.15824.1950 FA پارسا یعقوبی جنبه سرایی استاد گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه کردستان مرجان کامیاب دانش آموختۀ دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه کردستان Journal Article 2020 02 25 Due to the socio-cultural events following the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, the forms of interpellation of human subjects and their identity construct have substantially changed, affecting the construct of subjects in fiction. Unique interpellation of female subjects in the early 20th-cenutry Persian fiction, especially in that of Hedayat, could be cited as a great example of this phenomenon. Employing a constructivist approach, the present paper seeks to interpret and classify the gender-based interpellation of subjects in Hedayat’s stories. In doing so, the discussion at the macro-level in this study draws on the ideas of Althusser, whereas for the analyses of textual signs on the micro-level, Goffman, Brown and Levinson’s theories have been used. The results show that the construction of location/situation of each fictional subject is, in fact, an outcome of the three layers of bodily, reaction-oriented and belonging-oriented interpellation. These have been expressed by narrators and fictional subjects and have, accordingly, created positive or negative faces for the subjects. Although bodies have been objectively described in bodily interpellation, the final assessment of the same bodies, as the main criterion of face-formation, is basically fulfilled through mental factors, on the basis of classical aesthetics. In contrast, due to the dominance of realism in the texts, in reaction-oriented and belongings-oriented layers of interpellation, class relations, forms of consumption, and taste of subjects are among the main criteria for face-formation. Although the gender-based construction of female subjects in Hedayat’s stories, in line with the attested individuality in the contemporary world, is mainly based on personal and historical relations of subjects, its face-forming criteria have been formulated on the basis of a variety of epistemic and aesthetic factors. Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Due to the socio-cultural events following the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, the forms of interpellation of human subjects and their identity construct have substantially changed, affecting the construct of subjects in fiction. Identity is made up of both fixed and changing elements, which are addressed or interpellated when they are assigned to individuals; and thus subjects are constructed. Althusser believes that the subject constructs every ideology because the function of every ideology is to turn concrete individuals into a subject. Thus, the status of the subject is created through social actions, interpellations and functions of individuals in society. In early Persian fiction, especially in that of Sadegh Hedayat, a different form of interpellation of female subjects can be seen. In the present study, a constructionist approach is adopted to interpret the gender interpellation of subjects in stories by Hedayat. 2. Theoretical Framework Interpellation is key term in Althusser’s theory. He believes that by interpellating the individual, ideology puts them in special situations and expects them to act in a specific way. Ideology, to him, is a set of discourses through which we can understand our experiences. The discussion at the macro-level in this study draws on the ideas of Althusser, while to analyze textual signification, the ideas of Goffman, Levinson and Brown about ‘face’ have been applied. Face is an image of the self that is connected with some accepted social behavior. 3. Methodology Using a constructionist approach, the paper classifies gender interpellation of subjects in Hedayat’s stories. Moreover, the stories have been analyzed using the descriptive-analytical approach as well as by applying some sociological theories as well as theories of the sociology of language. 4. Findings The construct of the status of the intertextual female subjects in Hedayat’s stories is formed around their body, actions and belongings. In the interpellation of female bodies, although the bodies are described objectively, classic aesthetic criteria are used to judge their attraction and beauty. In the interpellation of female characters’ actions and belongings, their social status, taste and consumption habits are relied on. In action-related interpellation, which mostly revolves around their way of talking, women from lower classes are mostly quick-tempered and impolite, while women from upper classes are described as polite and taciturn. Also, women from lower classes mostly do menial work and have meager belongings, while the belongings of upper class women go beyond their needs. 5. Conclusion Although the whole gender construct of female subjects in Hedayat’s stories, in line with the individualism of the contemporary world, is based on the individual and historical relations of the subjects, what forms their ‘face’ is based on different types of common contemporary epistemic-aesthetic criteria. On the one hand, classic aesthetic criteria serve as a basis for physical gender interpellation, and, on the other hand, the interpellation concerning their actions and belongings is based on new epistemic foundations of identity. Select Bibliography Ahmadi, B. 1387 [2008]. Resaleh-ye Tarikh: Jostari dar Hermenotik-e Tarikh. Tehran: Markaz. Althusser, L. 1395 [2016]. Ideolozhi va Saz va Barg-ha-ye Ideolozhik-e Dowlat. R. Sadrara (trans.). Tehran: Cheshmeh. Baudrillard, J. 1393 [2014]. Nezam-e Ashya’. P. Izadi. Tehran: Sales. Bourdieu, P. 1393 [2014]. Tamayoz: Naqd-e Ejtema’i-e Qezavat-ha-ye Zoqi. H. Chavoshian (trans.). Tehran: Sales. Brown, P. and S. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Edgar, A. and P. Sedgwick. 1387 [2008]. Mafahim-e Bonyadi-e Nazaryeh-ye Farhangi. M. Mohajer and M. Nabavi. Tehran: Agah. Ferretter, L. 1386 [2007]. Louis Althusser. A. Ahmadi Aryan. Tehran: Markaz. 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Tehran: Almas-e Danesh. بنا به رخدادهای اجتماعی- فرهنگی ایران پس از مشروطیت، شکلهای فراخوانی سوژههای انسانی و وجوه برساخت هویتی آنان تغییرکرده؛ این امر بر برساخت سوژههای داستانی اثر گذاشت. یکی از این موارد شکل متمایز فراخوانی جنسیتی سوژههای زن است که در همان داستانهای آغازین ادبیات معاصر فارسی بویژه در داستانهای صادق هدایت دیده میشود. در این نوشتار با نگاهی برساختگرایانه، خطاب و فراخوانی جنسیتی سوژهها در داستانهای صادق هدایت طبقهبندی و تفسیر شده‌است. برای تبیین سطح کلان بحث، به نظریه آلتوسر و برای تحلیل دلالتهای متنی به آرای گافمن، براون و لوینسون استناد شده‌است. نتیجه نشان میدهد که برساخت موقعیت/ وضعیت هر یک از سوژههای داستانی حاصل سه سطح فراخوانی تنانه، کنشمحور و متعلقاتمحور است که بر زبان راویان یا سوژههای داستانی جاری شده و همین خطابها سبب وجهه مثبت یا منفی سوژهها شده‌است. البته در خطاب و فراخوانی تنانه، اگرچه توصیف بدنها به شکل ابژکتیو و عینی صورت گرفته‌است، به هنگام ارزیابی و قضاوت درباب همان بدنها، معیار وجههبخشی، ذهنی- ذوقی و مبتنی بر معیارهای زیباییشناختی کلاسیک است. برعکس سطح مذکور، بنا به غلبه نگاه رئالیستی بر متنها، در فراخوانیهای کنش و متعلقاتمحور، مناسبات طبقاتی و شکلهای سلیقه و مصرف سوژههای موضوع فراخوانی، ملاک انواع وجههبخشی است. بر همین اساس اگرچه کلیت برساخت جنسیتی سوژههای زن داستانهای هدایت همسو با فردیتگرایی جهان معاصر بر مناسبات شخصی و تاریخی سوژهها استوار است، ملاکهای وجههبخشی در آن، به صورت مرزی و توأمان بر مبنای انواعی از معیارهای معرفتی- زیباییشناختی کلاسیک و معاصر سامان یافته‌است.

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