دانشگاه گیلان نقد و نظریه ادبی 2476-7387 6 2 2022 02 20 A Critique of ‘Negative Aesthetics’ in Azar, Shahdokht, Parviz and the Others نقد «زیبایی‌شناسی منفی» در رمان آذر، شهدخت، پرویز و دیگران 99 118 5365 10.22124/naqd.2022.17063.2045 FA الناز خجسته زنوزی دانش‌آموخته دکتری زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران محبوبه مباشری دانشیار زبان و ادبیات فارسی دانشکدۀ ادبیات دانشگاه الزهرا (س)، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2020 07 11 As an important and comprehensive critical method, “critical aesthetics” of the Frankfurt School, deals with art and literature to show that the emergence of liberty in a capitalist society confronts certain obstacles that are manifested, in different ways, in economy, politics, ideology, art, culture and the media, and through an organized process, ultimately lead to the appearance of a consumerist society. According to Adorno’s and Marcuse’s sociological views, “negative aesthetics” analyzes consumerism in the West so as to challenge the anti-rationalistic aspects of a “unidimensional society.” These ideas finally lead to the emergence of a phenomenon known as “culture industry” which uses devices like the media and propaganda to deceive individuals. Therefore, the consumers are dominated by these devices and are deprived of their will and awareness. Marjan Shirmohammadi’s novel, Azar, Shahdokht, Parviz and the Others, presents an image of such a consumerist world which turns individuals into rivals over consumption. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study demonstrates that consumerism and commodification turn the characters into subjects in a world replete with consumerist objects and the prevalence of the cultural industry creates a deep rift between native and foreign cultures. As a result, concepts such as consumerism, accumulation and abundance, can be used to criticize the different dimensions of “negative aesthetics” in the false identities of the characters. Extended Abstract Introduction The Frankfurt School of critical theory analyzes the emerging socio-economic situation of societies, and provides us with a comprehensive understanding of economic, cultural variables, and capital and production. It can help us examine the outcomes of the ‘culture industry’ in industrial and developing societies, esp. its effect on literary production in the West. The present article tries to offer a critical approach to culture in the novel Azar, Shahdokht, Parviz and the Others by analyzing the principles of negative aesthetics, thus studying the effects of the cultural and economic effects of the West on the one-dimensional Iranian society. Theoretical Framework The Frankfurt School theorists divide culture into authentic culture and mass culture. They believe that art and culture in the modern times have turned into a commercial commodity, serving the ruling system. Adorno finds art a negative event and has tried to discuss the negative aspects of art, associating it with the term “negative aesthetics”. Marcuse, however, regards art as being the affirmative aspect of freedom. In the present study, the negative aspects of art are discussed in the novel Azar, Shahdokht, Parviz and the Others. Methodology Adopting the descriptive-analytical research method, the present study tries to criticize the foundations of culture industry and then examine negative aesthetics in the novel Azar, Shahdokht, Parviz and the Others. Discussion and Analysis Azar, Shahdokht, Parviz and the Others criticizes the values of a society that is devoid of spiritual aspects through describing the everyday life of a modern family. The consumerist identity in this novel, based on the ideas of Marcuse, represents the hegemony of societies that give them their identities. Negative aesthetics questions the totality of this novel and reveals the negative aspects of art in this novel. In this novel, art has turned into a tool for controlling the masses. According to Adorno, in order to purify art, social challenges should be discussed so that audiences are encouraged to resist the status quo. Conclusion In the novel Azar, Shahdokht, Parviz and the Others negative aesthetics is employed to criticize the culture of Iranian society. Culture industry tries to control people by distorting social and cultural realities. In this novel, the characters, who have been subjugated by the culture industry, try to develop a new identity for their lives. Culture industry turns individuals into consumerist subjects, who try to develop a new definition of identity and social values. This has been reflected in the behavior, taste and lifestyle of the characters of the novel. Select Bibliography Adorno, T. and Horkheimer, M. 1385 [2006]. Dialektik-e Roshangari. M. Farhadpour and O. Mehregan (trans.) Tehran: Gaam-e No. Adorno, T. and Horkheimer, M. 1396 [2017]. Beh Souye Manifest-e No. A. H. Eftekharirad. Tehran: Cheshmeh. Adorno, T. 1399 [2020]. Alaih-e Idealism. M. Farhadpour (trans.). Tehran: Hermes. Baudrillard, J. 1388 [2009]. Jame’eh-ye Masrafi. P. Izadi (trans.). Tehran: Sales. Bottomore, T. 1394 [2015]. Maktab-e Franfurt. H. A. Nozari (trans.). Tehran: Ney. Marcuse, H. 1394 [2015]. Ensan-e Taksahati. M. Mo’ayedi (trans.). Tehran: Amirkabir. Nozari, H. 1394 [2015]. Nazaryeh-ye Enteqadi-e Maktab-e Frankfurt. Tehran: Agah. Richard, B. 1388 [2009]. Ravankavi-e Farhang-e Aameh. H. Payandeh (trans.). Tehran: Sales. Storey, J. 1389 [2010]. Moteleat-e Farhangi Darbare-ye Farhang-e Aameh. H. Payandeh (trans.). Tehran: Agah. Thorstein, V. 1387 [2008]. 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Tehran: Ney. مبحث «زیبایی‌شناسی انتقادی» مکتب فرانکفورت، نگره‌های انتقادی هنر را بررسی می‌کند تا آشکار سازد که بروز مفهوم آزادی در جامعة سرمایه‌داری با موانع متعددی روبه‌روست؛ موانعی که در اشکال مختلف اقتصاد، سیاست، ایدئولوژی، هنر، فرهنگ و رسانه‌های جمعی وجود دارد و طی فرایندی سازمان‌یافته، موجب ظهور جامعه‌ای مصرف‌زده می‌شود. در این میان، «زیبایی‌شناسی منفی» به تحلیل مظاهر مصرفی غرب‌ می‌پردازد تا ابعاد خردستیز یک جامعة «تک‌ساحتی» را به پرسش بکشد. سرانجام، پدیده‌ای به نام «صنعت فرهنگ» از دل این اندیشه‌ها سر برمی‌آورد و برای فریفتن افراد از انواع رسانه‌ها و ابزارهای تبلیغاتی و مصرفی استفاده می‌کند. بدین ترتیب، هوش و حواس مصرف‌کننده در تصرف این ابزارها قرار گرفته و هرگونه اراده و آگاهی از وی سلب می‌شود. رمان آذر، شهدخت، پرویز و دیگران از مرجان شیرمحمدی، تصویری از همین جهان مصرفی است که انسان‌ها را به رقابت در مصرف وامی‌دارد. این پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، تبیین می‌کند که شیءوارگی و مصرف‌زدگی، شخصیت‌های این اثر را به سوژه‌هایی در جهانی مملو از ابژه‌های مصرفی تبدیل کرده و نفوذ «صنعت فرهنگ» در جهان سلطه، موجب شده‌است شکافی عمیق بین فرهنگ خودی و غیرخودی ایجاد شود. ازاین‌رو، با بهره‌گیری از مفاهیمی همچون مصرف‌زدگی، انباشتگی و وفور، می‌توان به نقد ابعاد «زیبایی‌شناسی منفی» در هویت کاذب شخصیت‌های داستان پرداخت.

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